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An isotope is a variant of a chemical element that has the same number of protons (atomic number) but a different number of neutrons in its atomic nucleus. This difference in neutron number affects the atomic mass of the isotope.

Types of Isotopes

1. *Stable isotopes*: Do not undergo radioactive decay.

2. *Radioactive isotopes* (radioisotopes): Undergo radioactive decay, emitting radiation.

Applications of Isotopes

1. *Medical applications*: Radioisotopes are used in medicine for diagnosis, treatment, and research.

2. *Environmental studies*: Isotopes are used to study environmental processes, such as water cycling and climate change.

3. *Geological applications*: Isotopes are used in geology to determine the age of rocks and minerals.

4. *Industrial applications*: Isotopes are used in various industrial processes, such as sterilization and food irradiation.

Examples of Isotopes

1. *Carbon-12* (stable isotope)

2. *Carbon-14* (radioactive isotope)

3. *Uranium-238* (radioactive isotope)

Would you like to know more about isotopes, their applications, or specific examples?